{"id":7559,"date":"2024-12-16T20:25:14","date_gmt":"2024-12-16T20:25:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newmoneyreview.com\/?p=7559"},"modified":"2025-02-25T17:30:03","modified_gmt":"2025-02-25T17:30:03","slug":"the-hardening-borders-of-cyberspace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/newmoneyreview.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/16\/the-hardening-borders-of-cyberspace\/","title":{"rendered":"The hardening borders of cyberspace"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cyber-barriers are hardening as geopolitical tensions rise around the world. And reversing the accelerating fragmentation of the internet will require a serious global effort and policy coordination.<\/p>\n

This was the central theme of the keynote address at last week\u2019s Black Hat Europe conference, delivered by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick Douzet, professor of geopolitics at the University of Paris 8. Her research focuses on the physical structure of the internet and its geopolitical implications.<\/p>\n

Your messages, my cables<\/strong><\/p>\n

One example of how importantly governments treat the way information flows are routed came in May 2022, when Russian troops invaded Kherson and forced internet service providers to disconnect from the Ukrainian network and to reconnect to the internet via Moscow.<\/p>\n

Kherson occupies a strategic location by the Black Sea, near the mouth of the 2200-km-long Dnieper river.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor Russia, controlling the roots of the internet has become a strategic priority in order to be able to control information,\u201d said Douzet.<\/p>\n

But both sides in the Russia-Ukraine conflict have sought to press home geopolitical advantage in cyberspace.<\/p>\n

In February 2022, shortly after Russia\u2019s full-scale invasion, Ukrainian authorities issued a decree under martial law, ordering the country\u2019s network operators to block 600 Russian autonomous systems that were operating within Ukraine.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a turn towards the infrastructures of the internet for geopolitical control\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

And a month later, Ukraine\u2019s deputy prime minister sought global support in cyberspace, appealing to the internet\u2019s governance organisation ICANN to suspend the Russian internet domain \u201c.ru\u201d.<\/p>\n

ICANN declined, saying \u201cwe maintain neutrality and act in support of the global internet. Our mission does not extend to taking punitive actions, issuing sanctions, or restricting access against segments of the Internet \u2013 regardless of the provocations\u201d.<\/p>\n

These episodes are all indicative of a wider trend, said Douzet.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a turn towards the infrastructures of the internet for geopolitical control,\u201d she said. \u201cThis is in line with the increased militarisation of cyberspace and now the weaponisation of the public core of the internet,\u201d said Douzet.<\/p>\n

Some countries are attempting to restore control at their national borders, said Douzet, over what they see as their share of cyberspace\u2014in other words, controlling the path that data takes.<\/p>\n

Gaining this control allows countries not only to block certain types of internet traffic, but also to spy on traffic and to divert it, said Douzet.<\/p>\n

Threats to the internet\u2019s resilience<\/strong><\/p>\n

The threats to the internet\u2019s resilience come from two directions, said Douzet.<\/p>\n

The balkanisation of cyberspace that we\u2019ve seen in Ukraine and elsewhere could undermine the free global flow of data, she said.<\/p>\n

But another trend\u2014the concentration of global data traffic amongst large routing operators and a few major content platforms, like Meta (Facebook), Google and Amazon\u2014has so far seen less scrutiny, said Douzet.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis dynamic of concentration is largely invisible outside a community of technical experts,\u201d she said, \u201cand it also leads to a form of fragmentation along commercial lines. It could also raise issues of the free flow of information, of resilience, and really thorny questions about digital sovereignty,\u201d said Douzet.<\/p>\n

How sanctions can backfire in cyber<\/strong><\/p>\n

Now that we\u2019re in a period of global conflicts in cyberspace, what can we do about it?<\/p>\n

\u201cSanctions can contribute to trapping populations in tightly controlled information bubbles\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Sanctions programmes\u2014one of the preferred tools of US-allied countries in achieving foreign policy and national security goals\u2014may backfire in the virtual realm, said Douzet, citing Russian-occupied Crimea as an example.<\/p>\n

\u201cParadoxically, Ukraine\u2019s sanctions against companies that continue to provide internet connectivity to Crimea after annexation have helped separate out Crimean cyberspace from Ukraine\u2019s cyberspace,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

\u201cSanctions can contribute to trapping populations in tightly controlled information bubbles,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

Which side of the digital frontline?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Just how rigid the boundaries between such information bubbles can now be seen on the digital frontline in Eastern Ukraine, which reflects the actual deployment of troops on the ground, said Douzet.<\/p>\n

In 2023 Douzet\u2019s research team sent internet data packets to Ukraine\u2019s capital from two cities that are less than 60km apart but which are on opposing sides of the river Dnieper and of the frontline.<\/p>\n

The researchers sent one test message from Kherson, which is in Ukrainian hands, and the other from Nova Kakhovka, which is Russian-occupied, said Douzet.<\/p>\n

Mapped in the graph below, the internet messages took entirely different routes. The one sent from Nova Kakhovka took a much slower and more circuitous route, passing through several Russian autonomous systems and the UK before eventually arriving at its destination.<\/p>\n

By contrast, the data packet sent from Kherson didn\u2019t leave Ukrainian territory and took a much shorter route to Kiev.<\/p>\n

Two messages to Kiev from Ukraine\u2019s front line<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

We should all ask whether it\u2019s acceptable to weaponise public cyberspace in this way, said Douzet: the trend could affect the resilience of the entire internet, she said, as well as causing the excessive concentration of power in the hands of a few network operators.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe more the internet is centralised around a few nodes, the fewer alternative routes you have,\u201d said Douzet.<\/p>\n

Too far gone?<\/strong><\/p>\n

The accelerating enclosure of parts of the internet by countries and companies and the increasing weaponisation of cyberspace raise vital public policy questions, Douzet said.<\/p>\n

\u201cAre we losing the original model of the resilience of the internet? Should we consider re-decentralising cyberspace?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI have all the questions, but unfortunately not the answers\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cHow can we think through policy and industrial solutions to enhance the decentralisation of the network? How can we envision a form of multi-polarity, even beyond safe control?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHow can innovative technologies help provide a multiplicity of data routes, storage and access to increase the resilience, security and stability of cyberspace?\u201d<\/p>\n

So far, we\u2019re far from reversing the current direction of travel, she suggested.<\/p>\n

\u201cI have all the questions, but unfortunately not the answers,\u201d were Douzet\u2019s parting words to the Black Hat Europe conference.<\/p>\n

*************<\/p>\n

The New Money Review podcast<\/a> brings you the best minds from the world of money. <\/em><\/p>\n

From economics to payments, financial markets, technology, law, digital assets, crime and fraud, you’ll find an episode that interests you.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cyber-barriers are hardening as geopolitical tensions rise around the world. And reversing the accelerating fragmentation of the internet will require a serious global effort and policy coordination. This was the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7180,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1013,1053,1026,1027,1011],"tags":[2281,2254,2279,2161,1850,1040,2280],"class_list":{"0":"post-7559","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-account","8":"category-featured-1","9":"category-latest-slider","10":"category-our-picks","11":"category-value","12":"tag-cyberspace","13":"tag-digital","14":"tag-douzet","15":"tag-geopolitics","16":"tag-infrastructure","17":"tag-internet","18":"tag-war"},"yoast_head":"\nThe hardening borders of cyberspace - New Money Review<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Countries' 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