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<\/p>\nA recent surge of interest has seen the assets of gold stablecoins pass $1bn in value. But business and disclosure standards in the sector are uneven and patchy.<\/p>\n
A stablecoin is a digital token that operates on cryptocurrency networks, but whose value is backed by holdings of another asset, such as the dollar or gold.<\/p>\n
According to Arcane Research, the combined assets of the largest two gold stablecoins, Paxos Gold (PAXG) and Tether Gold (XAUT) reached $1bn on March 7, double the level of three months earlier.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Part of the recent rise in assets is down to the jump in the gold price since the beginning of the Russia-Ukraine conflict.<\/p>\n
Paxos Gold has seen the strongest growth in issuance of all stablecoins this year<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
On March 8 a troy ounce of gold exceeded $2,050 in price, close to the all-time high of $2,075 reached in August 2020, and up over 10 percent in the year to date.<\/p>\n
However, inflows to gold stablecoins have also been strong: CoinMetrics reported this week<\/a> that Paxos Gold has seen the strongest growth in issuance of all stablecoins this year.<\/p>\n
This is despite the fact that the assets in dollar-linked stablecoins\u2014around $180bn\u2014are many multiples higher.<\/p>\n
A bright future for gold stablecoins<\/strong><\/p>\n
Gold stablecoins are a relatively new product. One of their main competitors is gold ETFs, the most popular investment vehicle for those wanting bullion exposure in their pensions plans or stock accounts.<\/p>\n
According to the World Gold Council, gold ETFs held $115bn in bullion at the end of 2021.<\/p>\n
However, some prominent figures in the cryptocurrency business are predicting a bright future for gold stablecoins.<\/p>\n
According to Italian investigative journalist Nicola Borzi<\/a>, Tether\u2019s chief executive Giancarlo Devasini is one of the main optimists.<\/p>\n
Devasini told guests at a party in Milan in November, Borzi reported, shortly before the assets in Tether\u2019s gold-pegged stablecoin started to rise sharply, that \u201cthe next big thing for stablecoins will be moving to [tokens] pegged to gold\u201d.<\/p>\n
Tether\u2019s dollar stablecoin (USDT) is the largest in the world, with around $80bn in assets, although it has been plagued by allegations of past misconduct<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\u201cthe next big thing for stablecoins will be moving to [tokens] pegged to gold\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
In February last year Tether and its sister company, cryptocurrency exchange Bitfinex, reached a $18.5m settlement with the New York Attorney General<\/a>.<\/p>\n
Tether, said the Attorney General, had \u201cdeceived clients and the market by overstating [its] reserves, hiding approximately $850m in losses around the globe\u201d.<\/p>\n
In October the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) ordered Tether and Bitfinex to pay a fine of $41m<\/a> over what it said were misleading claims that the tether stablecoin had been fully backed by US dollars.<\/p>\n
Gold stablecoins promise instantaneous settlement<\/strong><\/p>\n
By comparison with gold ETFs, which follow the relevant fund or investment product regulations in the jurisdictions where they are issued, gold stablecoins are not regulated (though some of the entities involved in issuing them may be).<\/p>\n
Gold stablecoins\u2019 chief selling point is a promise to eliminate (more or less) the settlement risk inherent in other savings products.<\/p>\n
For example, DGLD, a gold stablecoin backed by Coinshares, says it dramatically reduces the settlement period, and the associated settlement risks, for transactions in gold<\/a>.<\/p>\n
For an investor buying gold bullion directly from a dealer, says DGLD, settlement typically takes place from two to five days after the trade date. In gold tracker products, such as gold exchange-traded funds (ETFs), settlement is typically two days after the trade date.<\/p>\n
gold stablecoins offer an easy way to park cash in the precious metal<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
But DGLD says its settlement of a client\u2019s transactions in the gold token is near-instantaneous. This can be achieved, the firm says, by linking client transactions in DGLD to the bitcoin network. Bitcoin\u2019s open-source database provides proof that transactions happened in a certain order.<\/p>\n
Concerns over potential settlement risks in gold soared at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic<\/a>, when the price for gold traded in New York diverged dramatically from the price in London.<\/p>\n
The divergence was due principally to supply chain difficulties as a result of the shutdown of global air traffic.<\/p>\n
For those already investing in cryptocurrencies, gold stablecoins also offer an easy way to park cash in the precious metal without leaving the digital asset ecosystem.<\/p>\n
Diverse structures of gold stablecoins<\/strong><\/p>\n
The diverse structures of gold stablecoins mean that anyone considering buying one needs to conduct extra due diligence.<\/p>\n
For example, DGLD levies fees in a similar way to gold ETFs: by gradually reducing token holders\u2019 entitlement to the underlying bullion.<\/p>\n
At 1 percent a year, this so-called \u201cdemurrage fee\u201d is greater than the fees on gold ETFs (which range from 12 to 40 basis points a year).<\/p>\n
XAUT, by contrast, says it doesn\u2019t charge a fee for the custody of token holders\u2019 gold. Instead, it says, it levies a one-time 25 basis point fee on each creation of the gold token. Redemptions carry additional fees.<\/p>\n
PAXG says it charges creation and redemption fees of between 3 and 100 basis points, based on the order size, plus a 2 basis point fee for transactions on the ethereum blockchain, where it records token issuance.<\/p>\n
XAUT and PAXG token holders also have to pay the ethereum network\u2019s own fees (called \u201cgas\u201d) when transacting on it.<\/p>\n
The minimum token creation size varies substantially between the two most popular gold stablecoins: PAXG allows a minimum purchase equivalent to a hundredth of a troy ounce of gold (around $20), but XAUT only allows creations of 50 troy ounces in gold (around $97k) or more.<\/p>\n
And custodial arrangements vary, as well as the availability of information as to where the gold is held.<\/p>\n
PAXG says each of its tokens is backed by one troy ounce of a 400-ounce London Good Delivery gold bar, stored in the vaults of Brink\u2019s and the Commercial Bank of China Limited (ICBC) Standard Bank, both of which are approved by the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA).<\/p>\n
PAXG also publishes monthly attestations, issued by a third-party auditor, to verify that the supply of tokens corresponds one-to-one with the ounces of London Good Delivery gold held in vaults.<\/p>\n
DGLD says it stores the gold backing its tokens in a Swiss vault at the PAMP facility.<\/p>\n
Tether Gold\u2019s links to Sanjeev Gupta<\/strong><\/p>\n
However, Tether does not disclose details of the custody of the gold held to back its stablecoins.<\/p>\n
Similarly, Tether has never offered full disclosure of the assets underlying its dollar stablecoin<\/a>.<\/p>\n
In response to a query from New Money Review regarding XAUT, the stablecoin issuer said:<\/p>\n
\u201cFor security reasons and to honour confidentiality commitments, Tether Gold does not disclose specific information about the locations or companies involved in securing the gold held for XAUT token holders.\u201d<\/p>\n
\u201cTether Gold purchases, or arranges for the purchase of gold bars meeting the London Good Delivery standard, from a gold dealer in Switzerland where the gold is securely stored by a custodian.\u201d<\/p>\n
\u201cTether Gold does not disclose specific information about the locations or companies involved in securing the gold held for XAUT token holders\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Tether gold tokens are issued by TG Commodities Limited, a UK-incorporated company.<\/p>\n
Tether declined to comment on the relationship between Tether Operations Limited, a BVI-incorporated company, and TG Commodities Limited.<\/p>\n
According to the CFTC<\/a>, Tether Operations Limited was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands (BVI) on March 15, 2017. The company, which is not regulated with any financial authority, operates Tether\u2019s website and token platform.<\/p>\n
A search on the UK Companies House website<\/a> showed that the person with significant control of TG Commodities Limited is Mr. Sanjeev Gupta, who owns more than 75 percent of both the shares and voting rights of the company.<\/p>\n
Gupta is also the owner and chief executive of the Gupta Family Group (GFG) Alliance, the controversial steel and mining conglomerate.<\/p>\n
The Companies House website shows that the latest company accounts for TG Commodities Limited (as of 30 November 2020) were due by 31 August 2021 and have not yet been filed.<\/p>\n
Tether declined to comment on the relationship between Tether Operations Limited and TG Commodities Limited<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Last summer, the UK\u2019s Serious Fraud Office (SFO) said<\/a> it was investigating suspected fraud, fraudulent trading and money laundering within GFG, including its financing arrangements with Greensill Capital UK Ltd.<\/p>\n
The SFO confirmed to New Money Review that its investigation into GFG and Greensill is ongoing. French prosecutors reopened a criminal investigation into GFG group in November<\/a>.<\/p>\n
Greensill collapsed into insolvency in March 2021, incurring billions of dollars in losses for its lenders and the investors who had backed its financial products.<\/p>\n
In June 2021 it was revealed that the UK government-owned British Business Bank had lent Greensill \u00a3350m, apparently in breach of its own lending limits.<\/p>\n
The bank\u2019s due diligence checks were later described by the UK parliament\u2019s Public Accounts Committee as \u201cwoefully inadequate\u201d<\/a>.<\/p>\n
In 2018, former British Prime Minister David Cameron became an advisor to Greensill, a position for which he reportedly earned in excess of $40,000 per day<\/a>. He was also given stock options that could have been worth $70m<\/a> if Greensill\u2019s planned initial public offering had taken place.<\/p>\n
According to a report published last summer by an independent inquiry<\/a>, Cameron lobbied members of the British government and civil servants on behalf of Greensill, but under the rules in place at the time, was not required to register as a lobbyist.<\/p>\n
***This article was edited after publication to include additional details of Paxos Gold’s custodial arrangements and its attestations***<\/em><\/p>\n
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