{"id":6739,"date":"2021-11-24T14:03:36","date_gmt":"2021-11-24T14:03:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newmoneyreview.com\/?p=6739"},"modified":"2021-12-14T17:15:29","modified_gmt":"2021-12-14T17:15:29","slug":"blockchain-an-insiders-paradise","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/newmoneyreview.com\/index.php\/2021\/11\/24\/blockchain-an-insiders-paradise\/","title":{"rendered":"Blockchain: an insider\u2019s paradise"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The decentralisation inherent in cryptocurrency networks like bitcoin is valuable for its governance benefits, according to Hyun-Song Shin, head of research at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).<\/p>\n<p>But this decentralisation comes at a cost\u2014the creation of a powerful new class of insiders.<\/p>\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bis.org\/speeches\/sp211117.htm\">a lecture last week at London Business School<\/a>, Shin said that the large financial rewards collected by cryptocurrency miners and exchanges are an increasing cost for network users, largely nullifying the benefits of having a universal ledger of transactions.<\/p>\n<p>According to Shin, citing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/working_papers\/w29396\/w29396.pdf\">recent research by Igor Makarov and Antoinette Schoar<\/a>, around three-quarters of the \u2018real\u2019 transactions on cryptocurrency networks are tied to the accounts of large intermediaries, such as cryptocurrency exchanges or digital wallets.<\/p>\n<p>And the ownership of bitcoin is similarly concentrated, said Shin, with the top 1000 investors controlling about 16 percent of the coins in issue, and the top 10,000 controlling about 26 percent.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Decentralisation alone is not enough<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Decentralisation in cryptocurrency has clear governance benefits, says Shin, with a network\u2019s development influenced by the view of the community as a whole, with in-built checks and balances.<\/p>\n<p>However, he went on, citing Vitalik Buterin\u2019s \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/academy.shrimpy.io\/post\/what-is-the-blockchain-trilemma\">scalability trilemma<\/a>\u2019, a cryptocurrency network cannot be decentralised, secure and scalable at the same time, and cryptocurrency design involves trade-offs between these three attributes.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThe exploitation of [cryptocurrency miners\u2019] transaction ordering power has become a major issue\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Specifically, said Shin, the network validators (miners) have to be rewarded to keep processing transaction activity, and the pay-offs need to be such that following the protocol is an equilibrium of the game.<\/p>\n<p>Shin cited the recent rise in ethereum \u2018gas\u2019 fees (the fees paid to ethereum miners for the computing energy required to process and validate transactions on the cryptocurrency\u2019s blockchain) as an example of the economic rents required to keep cryptocurrency networks operating.<\/p>\n<p>Last week, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/qjb8av\/constitutiondao-aftermath-everyone-very-mad-confused-losing-lots-of-money-fighting-crying-etc\">half the participants in a cryptocurrency venture bidding $40m for a copy of the US constitution at a Sotheby\u2019s auction found themselves out of pocket when ethereum gas fees ate up their contributions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6738\" src=\"https:\/\/newmoneyreview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/gas-fees.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"272\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newmoneyreview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/gas-fees.jpg 272w, https:\/\/newmoneyreview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/gas-fees-263x300.jpg 263w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 272px) 100vw, 272px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Shin also said that miner extractable value (MEV)\u2014the profit cryptocurrency miners can make by reordering transactions for their own benefit\u2014has been rising, reflecting the recent increase in activity on ethereum. MEV <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coindesk.com\/tech\/2021\/03\/31\/valid-points-yes-front-running-will-still-exist-on-ethereum-20\/\">has been called \u201ccrypto\u2019s version of Wall Street front-running\u201d<\/a> by one critic.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn the past several years, the exploitation of [cryptocurrency miners\u2019] transaction ordering power has become a major issue,\u201d Angela Walch, professor of law at St. Mary\u2019s University, Texas, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.banking.senate.gov\/imo\/media\/doc\/Walch%20Testimony%207-27-21.pdf\">told a US congressional committee in July<\/a>.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThe decentralised blockchain tends to entrench the position of insiders\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The BIS head of research said last week that the rising power of intermediaries is now a feature of cryptocurrency\u2014in contrast to its original selling point.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn stark contrast to the stated ideal of democratising finance and levelling the playing field, the decentralised blockchain tends to entrench the position of insiders,\u201d Shin said.<\/p>\n<p>He questioned the long-term viability of the networks.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhile the flow of new users can feed the rents in the blockchain&#8217;s growth phase, its ultimate viability when the flow of new entrants dries up and rents are squeezed is uncertain and tenuous,\u201d Shin said.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Getting the incentives right<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>However, Shin did not rule out cryptocurrency\u2019s utility in countries with less stable financial systems.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA centralised ledger is superior, unless weaknesses in the rule of law and contract enforcement necessitate a decentralised ledger,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p>In this case, getting the incentives right is critical, said Shin, who is an expert in game theory.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf there is a case for decentralisation, market design and ensuring incentives of the validators matter,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"http:\/\/eepurl.com\/du6eTr\">Sign up here<\/a> for the New Money Review newsletter<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/blubrry.com\/newmoneyreview\/\">Click here<\/a> for a full list of episodes of the New Money Review podcast: the future of money in 30 minutes<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Related content from\u00a0<em>New Money Review<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/newmoneyreview.com\/index.php\/2021\/05\/05\/a-cryptocurrency-sceptic-speaks-out\/\">A cryptocurrency sceptic speaks out<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/newmoneyreview.com\/index.php\/2019\/05\/20\/the-hidden-politics-of-cryptocurrencies\/\">The hidden politics of cryptocurrencies<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/newmoneyreview.com\/index.php\/2021\/10\/13\/cryptos-wildfire-growth-creates-bank-run-risks\/\">Crypto&#8217;s wildfire growth creates run risks<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The decentralisation inherent in cryptocurrency networks like bitcoin is valuable for its governance benefits, according to Hyun-Song Shin, head of research at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). But this [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":6737,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1013,1053,1026,1011],"tags":[1085,2079,1103,1908,2078],"class_list":{"0":"post-6739","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-account","8":"category-featured-1","9":"category-latest-slider","10":"category-value","11":"tag-bis","12":"tag-decentralisation","13":"tag-ethereum","14":"tag-hyun-song-shin","15":"tag-mev"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Blockchain: an insider\u2019s paradise - New Money Review<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/newmoneyreview.com\/index.php\/2021\/11\/24\/blockchain-an-insiders-paradise\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Blockchain: an insider\u2019s paradise - New Money Review\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The decentralisation inherent in cryptocurrency networks like bitcoin is valuable for its governance benefits, according to Hyun-Song Shin, head of research at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). 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