{"id":5022,"date":"2020-01-30T21:20:45","date_gmt":"2020-01-30T20:20:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newmoneyreview.com\/?p=5022"},"modified":"2020-02-14T14:41:02","modified_gmt":"2020-02-14T14:41:02","slug":"the-means-and-the-solution-of-financial-crime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/newmoneyreview.com\/index.php\/2020\/01\/30\/the-means-and-the-solution-of-financial-crime\/","title":{"rendered":"The means and the solution for financial crime"},"content":{"rendered":"

Financial fraud makes for terrific stories. \u2018When Genius Failed\u2019, \u2018The Smartest Guys in the Room\u2019, \u2018Devil Take the Hindmost\u2019 and \u2018Manias, Panics and Crashes\u2019 are some of the classics of the genre.<\/p>\n

The quality of the narratives reflects the fact that fraud is a complex subject, one that goes much deeper than headlines of bad guys exploiting the innocent.<\/p>\n

According to Dan Davies, author of \u2018Lying for Money\u2019<\/a>, that\u2019s because fraud is unique among crimes: it has a problem of denial as well as one of detection.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere are few other criminal acts where the victim not only consents to the criminal act, but voluntarily transfers the money or valuable goods to the criminal,\u201d Davies writes.<\/p>\n

Davies reaches the uncomfortable conclusion that the ideal level of financial fraud cannot be zero.<\/p>\n

\u201cFraud is an equilibrium quantity,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe can\u2019t check up on everything, and we can\u2019t check up on nothing. So one of the key questions that an economy has to make is how much effort to spend on checking.\u201d<\/p>\n

Now cryptocurrencies\u2014which combine pseudonymity for their users with a completely public transaction record\u2014pose intriguing new challenges when it comes to striking that balance.<\/p>\n

Cryptocurrency fraudsters get creative<\/strong><\/p>\n

According to Chainalysis, the blockchain investigations firm, crypto-related crime rose 300 percent last year, reaching $11.5bn-worth of cryptocurrency transactions.<\/p>\n

Of the types of cryptocurrency-related crime it studied, which included blackmail, hacks and terrorist financing, scams stood out as the most lucrative for the perpetrators, Chainalysis said in an 83-page \u2018Crypto Crime Report\u2019<\/a>, published on January 29.<\/p>\n

Heading the rankings, one single 2019 Ponzi scheme, called \u2018PlusToken\u2019, collected over $2bn last year from its 3 million-plus victims, most of whom live in China, Korea and Japan.<\/p>\n

PlusToken sold itself as a cryptocurrency wallet that would reward users with high rates of return if they bought a new token called ‘PLUS’ using bitcoin or ethereum, the two most widely traded cryptocurrencies.<\/p>\n

The fraudsters said the returns it promised would be generated by \u2018exchange profit, mining income, and referral benefits\u2019, cleverly combining two tried and tested sources of cryptocurrency revenue with a pyramid selling approach.<\/p>\n

\u201cLeo and Prince Charles had intimate talks on how the blockchain serves economic society\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The PlusToken scammers were creative in other ways.<\/p>\n

According to Chainalysis, they provided beginner-level materials to teach users how to purchase their first bitcoin, used public groups on Chinese social media giant WeChat to spread the word, and projected the image of a legitimate cryptocurrency start-up by allowing users to see the \u2018employees\u2019 behind the company.<\/p>\n

One of these employees even got to meet the UK\u2019s Prince Charles at a charity event held in Seoul early last year.<\/p>\n

\u201c[The PlusToken Exchange’s] Co-founder Leo and Prince Charles had intimate talks on how the blockchain serves economic society,\u201d PlusToken said in a February 2019 press release<\/a>.<\/p>\n

PlusToken\u2019s \u2018Leo\u2019 with the UK\u2019s Prince Charles<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ironically, the press release was disseminated by Business Wire, which is owned by Warren Buffett\u2019s Berkshire Hathaway company.<\/p>\n

Buffett, a long-standing critic of cryptocurrencies, has called bitcoin \u2018rat poison squared\u2019 and a \u2018gambling device\u2019 that is connected with \u2018a lot of frauds\u2019.<\/p>\n

The solution as well as the tool<\/strong><\/p>\n

But as well as offering a new vehicle for financial fraud, cryptocurrencies may also be a key to unmasking it.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s because the openness of public networks like bitcoin and ethereum enables investigators like those at Chainalysis to trace the movement of the money raised by scams like that of PlusToken.<\/p>\n

PlusToken, says Chainalysis, has so far cashed out around 25,000 ($237m) of the 45,000 bitcoin ($426m) it stole.<\/p>\n

To do so, it has relied on the services of over-the-counter brokers, many of whom are subject to less stringent \u2018know your customer\u2019 (KYC) requirements than cryptocurrency exchanges.<\/p>\n

\u201cSome OTC brokers have significantly lower KYC requirements than exchanges, which can make them attractive for criminals like the PlusToken scammers,\u201d Chainalysis said in its report.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhile many [OTC brokers] are legitimate, others take advantage of lower KYC requirements to offer service to users with illicit funds. Some even specialise in the movement and laundering of criminal money.\u201d<\/p>\n

But cashing in the remaining 20,000 bitcoin (worth $190m) has so far proved tougher for the scammers.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe other 20,000 bitcoins are currently spread out across more than 8,700 cryptocurrency addresses, which speaks to the high level of effort the scammers put into obfuscating the movement of funds,\u201d Chainalysis said.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe scammers have transferred the bitcoin more than 24,000 times, using more than 71,000 different addresses\u2014and that\u2019s not even counting cash outs or transfers to off-ramps such as exchanges,\u201d it added.<\/p>\n

\u201cMany of those transactions were conducted through mixers like Wasabi wallet, which utilises the CoinJoin protocol to make it more difficult to trace the path of funds,\u201d the firm said.<\/p>\n

How PlusToken scammers moved their stolen bitcoin<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/em><\/p>\n

Source: Chainalysis<\/em><\/p>\n

Anecdotal evidence suggests cryptocurrency exchanges have recently started to make it much harder<\/a> to shift bitcoin to and from mixer wallets.<\/p>\n

End of long firm frauds?<\/strong><\/p>\n

But if cryptocurrency enables new types of fraud, other long-standing criminal schemes may no longer work in a digital money world.<\/p>\n

For decades, one of the classic templates for financial fraud has been to intentionally run up a lot of credit, then to default on it, a technique called a \u2018long firm\u2019.<\/p>\n

\u201cEveryone gets one free shot at a long firm\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Leslie Payne<\/a>, a con-man who worked for the notorious London crime syndicate, the Krays, during the 1960s, was a specialist in long firm frauds, and even wrote a book about how to conduct them<\/a>. His conclusion was surprisingly democratic.<\/p>\n

\u201cEveryone gets one free shot at a long firm,\u201d Payne said.<\/p>\n

Long firm frauds may involve outright lies to creditors, such as those perpetrated by the Krays, whose victims didn\u2019t dare complain.<\/p>\n

But they may also arise from dodgy, over-optimistic corporate accounting, the type committed by Enron in the run-up to its 2001 bankruptcy.<\/p>\n

\u201cEnron would account up front for revenues that it merely hoped to earn,\u201d Dan Davies writes in \u2018Lying for Money\u2019.<\/p>\n

\u201cOther scammers may try to imitate PlusToken\u2019s brazen strategy\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

And it\u2019s here that cryptocurrency may offer advantages to those trying to combat scams.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re not trying to drum up negative stories or to fear-monger with our crypto crime report,\u201d Maddie Kennedy, director of communications at Chainalysis, told New Money Review.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re pointing out that we can start to quantify and investigate financial crime on the blockchain in a way that would not be possible in the traditional fiat currency world. Blockchain is inherently transparent and that\u2019s one of the benefits of cryptocurrency.\u201d<\/p>\n

But Chainalysis isn\u2019t complacent. It warns of further ingenuity from those seeking to use cryptocurrency in nefarious ways.<\/p>\n

\u201cLaw enforcement agencies and regulators should be on the lookout from now on, as other scammers may try to imitate PlusToken\u2019s brazen strategy,\u201d the firm writes in its new report.<\/p>\n

Don\u2019t miss any more New Money Review content:\u00a0sign up here<\/strong><\/a> for our\u00a0newsletter<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Financial fraud makes for terrific stories. \u2018When Genius Failed\u2019, \u2018The Smartest Guys in the Room\u2019, \u2018Devil Take the Hindmost\u2019 and \u2018Manias, Panics and Crashes\u2019 are some of the classics of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5019,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1013,1012,1053,1011],"tags":[1403,1646,1647,1651,1648,1652,1650,1649],"class_list":{"0":"post-5022","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-account","8":"category-exchange","9":"category-featured-1","10":"category-value","11":"tag-chainalysis","12":"tag-crypto-crime-report","13":"tag-dan-davies","14":"tag-krays","15":"tag-leslie-payne","16":"tag-maddie-kennedy","17":"tag-plustoken","18":"tag-warren-buffett"},"yoast_head":"\nThe means and the solution for financial crime - 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