{"id":3638,"date":"2018-04-11T17:23:13","date_gmt":"2018-04-11T17:23:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.newmoneyreview.com\/?p=3638"},"modified":"2018-04-26T16:36:59","modified_gmt":"2018-04-26T16:36:59","slug":"cryptocurrencies-emergence-makes-central-bankers-nervous","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/newmoneyreview.com\/index.php\/2018\/04\/11\/cryptocurrencies-emergence-makes-central-bankers-nervous\/","title":{"rendered":"Cryptocurrencies\u2019 emergence makes central bankers nervous"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/h4>\n

Measured head-to-head against central bank-issued national currencies in terms of market value, cryptocurrencies still represent a drop in the ocean. But cryptos\u2019 rapid ascent to prominence is making some central bankers very nervous.<\/h4>\n

At the beginning of March 2018, according to coinmarketcap.com, cryptocurrencies\u2019 combined market value was around $450 billion, with bitcoin representing around 40 percent of the total. That\u2019s still way short of the $37 trillion represented by the world\u2019s coins, banknotes and other cash-like instruments (also known as \u201cM0\u201d).<\/p>\n

The broader, \u201cM3\u201d measure of global money supply, which includes cash, near-cash, current and savings accounts, time deposits and money market funds, is $90 trillion, 200 times the size of the cryptocurrency market.<\/p>\n

A drop in the monetary ocean – cryptocurrencies in context<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Source: Coinmarketcap.com, the Money Project<\/p>\n

But despite their tiny footprint, these new currencies still appear to be ruffling central bankers\u2019 feathers. The governor of the Bank of England, Mark Carney, devoted a 30 minute-speech in early March to a detailed critique of cryptocurrencies\u2019 ability to serve as money, before concluding that they are not up to the job.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe long, charitable answer is that cryptocurrencies act as money, at best, only for some people and to a limited extent, and even then only in parallel with the traditional currencies of the users. The short answer is they are failing,\u201d said Carney.<\/p>\n

\u201cBitcoin is a combination of a bubble, a Ponzi scheme and an environmental disaster\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Carney\u2019s comments mirror those of the Bank for International Settlements\u2019 (BIS) general manager Agust\u00edn Carstens, made a month earlier. The BIS is often described as the \u201ccentral bankers\u2019 central bank\u201d since it acts as their primary forum for discussion, policy analysis and information-sharing.<\/p>\n

In a February speech<\/a> Carstens described bitcoin as \u201ca combination of a bubble, a Ponzi scheme and an environmental disaster\u201d.<\/p>\n

Are cryptocurrencies money?<\/b><\/p>\n

Central bankers appear to have decided to address the cryptocurrency threat head-on, focusing on what they see as the new currencies\u2019 lack of utility as money. In his speech, referring to the three textbook definitions of money, Carney asserted that cryptocurrencies are a poor store of value, an inefficient medium of exchange and a virtually non-existent unit of account.<\/p>\n

Carney\u2019s attack on cryptocurrencies\u2019 use as a store of value was twofold. First, he said, their price volatility makes them unsuitable for saving. Second, he argued, the fixed money supply inherent in currencies like bitcoin is a serious deficiency.<\/p>\n

\u201cFundamentally, [cryptocurrencies] would impart a deflationary bias on the economy if\u2026widely adopted. Recreating a virtual global gold standard would be a criminal act of monetary amnesia,\u201d said Carney.<\/p>\n

Carney said that a fixed money supply could harm the economy by contributing to deflation in the prices of goods, services and wages. And, he added, the inability of the money supply to vary in response to demand would likely cause greater volatility in prices and real activity.<\/p>\n

By contrast, many bitcoin advocates argue that a return to a relatively fixed money supply, such as under the gold standard, is a desirable objective, rather than something to be feared.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe era of the classical gold standard, from 1871\u2014the end of the Franco-Prussian War until the beginning of World War I\u2014was known as the Golden Era, the Gilded Age, and La Belle Epoque,\u201d said Dr. Saifedean Ammous, assistant professor of economics at the Lebanese American University, in a recent interview<\/a> given to the Epoch Times.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt was a time of unrivalled human flourishing all over the world. Economic growth was everywhere. Technology was being spread all over the world. Peace and prosperity were increasing everywhere around the world. Technological innovations were advancing.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ammous believes that the forthcoming adoption of bitcoin as a monetary standard has a direct parallel in history\u2014the introduction of the Byzantine solidus, a gold coin of fixed weight and purity\u2014in the 4th<\/sup> century AD under Emperors Diocletian and Constantine.<\/p>\n

\u201cSatoshi Nakamoto is our Constantine, Bitcoin is his solidus, and the internet is our Constantinople.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Following two centuries of currency debasement and political turbulence in the late Roman empire, the introduction of the solidus heralded seven centuries of monetary stability and flourishing economic growth in the Eastern Mediterranean, centred on Constantine\u2019s capital\u2014Byzantium (later Constantinople and now Istanbul).<\/p>\n

\u201cIf the modern world is ancient Rome, Satoshi Nakamoto is our Constantine, Bitcoin is his solidus, and the internet is our Constantinople,\u201d Ammous wrote in a tweet last year.<\/p>\n

Larry White, professor of economics at George Mason University, criticises central bankers\u2019 portrayal of deflation as something to be avoided at all costs.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe argument that deflation is bad per se <\/i>is a very weak one,\u201d said White in a telephone interview with New Money Review<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou can have both benign and harmful deflation. Harmful deflation happens when the money supply shrinks, or when people are hoarding money. It\u2019s not harmful to have prices fall because output is growing faster than the supply of money. Under the gold standard, falling prices were typically not linked to recessions, in the sense of real output falling.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Bank of England\u2019s Carney and BIS general manager Carstens also argue that cryptocurrencies are unsuitable as a medium of exchange and a unit of account\u2014the other two of the three textbook definitions of money.<\/p>\n

\u201cCurrently, no major high street or online retailer accepts Bitcoin as payment in the UK, and only a handful of the top 500 US online retailers do,\u201d said Carney.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor those who can find someone willing to accept payment for goods and services in cryptocurrencies, the speed and cost of the transaction varies but it is generally slower and more expensive than payments in sterling.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGiven that they are poor stores of value and inefficient and unreliable media of exchange, it is not surprising that there is little evidence of cryptocurrencies being used as units of account.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cMoney has always evolved in stages, with the store of value role preceding the medium of exchange role.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

But central bankers\u2019 broadside against cryptocurrencies fails to recognise that these new moneys are likely to serve different functions at different stages of their evolution, argues Vijay Boyapati, a US-based software engineer.<\/p>\n

\u201cMany have criticized Bitcoin as being an unsuitable money because its price has been too volatile to be suitable as a medium of exchange. This puts the cart before the horse, however. Money has always evolved in stages, with the store of value role preceding the medium of exchange role,\u201d wrote Boyapati in a recent article<\/a> on Medium.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u201cIt will likely be several years before Bitcoin transitions from being an incipient store of value to being a true medium of exchange. It is striking to note that the same transition took many centuries for gold.\u201d<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, the real reason for central bankers\u2019 nervousness about bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is that it threatens their hold on the monetary reins of power, says Pascal Bouvier, venture partner at Santander Innoventures.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe\u00a0borderline hysteria exhibited by most if not all central banks, financial regulators and various governments [to the emergence of cryptocurrencies] is a very normal and expected reaction. It\u2019s borne out of fear on the one hand, and outrage at what is perceived, rightly so, as an existential challenge,\u201d Bouvier wrote<\/a> in February.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Measured head-to-head against central bank-issued national currencies in terms of market value, cryptocurrencies still represent a drop in the ocean. 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